 |
| English: Graduation (Photo credit: Wikipedia) |
Both UGMA and UTMA accounts, together generally referred to as UGMA accounts because they're so similar, pale in comparison to 529-plan accounts, which were created in 1996.
"The biggest reason is tax savings." says John Wiggins of WhatIsA529Plan.com, "All the earnings from investments in a 529-plan account are tax exempt, while only a portion of the earnings in a UGMA or UTMA account are tax exempt."
Under one scenario, the 529-plan account would actually be owned by the UGMA or UTMA account. Experts in college saving say the tax advantages associated with 529-plan accounts, and the fact that the stock market has been so weak lately, make such a move doubly attractive.
In a 529-plan account, investments grow tax free and, under the Tax Relief Act, distributions for educational expenses are taken tax free as well. Only a portion of the earnings in UGMA and UTMA accounts are tax free.
When a child is under 14, the first $750 of earnings each year is exempt from federal and state taxes, the second $750 is taxed at the child's rate, and the rest is taxed at the parent's rate. If the child is 14 or older, all earnings are taxed at the child's rate.
Liquidating UGMA and UTMA account assets, however, and then taking the proceeds and putting them into a 529-plan account can bring a host of problems - most of them relating to ownership.
UGMA and UTMA accounts are custodial accounts, the contents of which belong to the child, meaning the assets of the 529-plan account purchased with the proceeds of the liquidated assets of a UGMA or UTMA account would belong to the child.
Normally, the assets of the 529-plan account belong to the parent.
UGMA and UTMA accounts also present a problem with respect to financial aid for college. Most financial-aid formulas impose a penalty for assets owned by the student.
They also pose a problem for parents who just need to get ahold of the money in an UGMA or UTMA account. Because the accounts are irrevocable gifts, the assets in them must be used for the child.
A 529-plan account is not irrevocable, although there is a 10% penalty on earnings for taking the money out before the child reaches a certain age.
Of course, issues of ownership can be sidestepped by just spending down an existing UGMA or UTMA, using the proceeds for the child's needs and buying a 529-plan account with new dollars independent of the UGMA, says Joseph Hurley, founder of Savingforcollege.com.
Even Mr. Hurley admits that such a solution might not work for a child from a family that just doesn't have the money to sink into a 529 plan.
Of course, the custodian of a UGMA or UTMA account could just liquidate the account and move the money into a 529-plan account without telling the 529-plan administrator where the money was coming from, suggests one financial adviser.
Such a move would be illegal, and the adviser recommends against it, but because there are no "UGMA or UTMA police," he says, he believes the practice is widespread.
Whatever the approach, it appears that 529-plan accounts are financial advisers' tool of choice for college savings. Consequently, it would be natural to assume that UGMA and UTMA accounts are on their way out. But Mr. Hurley says he doesn't think that's the case.
While many people use UGMA and UTMA accounts to save for a child's education, unlike 529 plan accounts, they are not necessarily intended for that purpose.
"Small custodial accounts still can be very useful," he says. "You don't have to use them for any particular purpose."
Whatever the approach, it appears that 529-plan accounts are financial advisers' tool of choice for college savings. Consequently, it would be natural to assume that UGMA and UTMA accounts are on their way out. But Mr. Hurley says he doesn't think that's the case.
While many people use UGMA and UTMA accounts to save for a child's education, unlike 529 plan accounts, they are not necessarily intended for that purpose.
"Small custodial accounts still can be very useful," he says. "You don't have to use them for any particular purpose."
Here is a side by side comparison of 529 Plans and UGMA/UTMA Accounts:
529 College Savings Plan
|
UGMA/UTMA Account
| |
What you can do
|
Invest tax-free for college.
|
Invest on behalf of a minor for any purpose.
|
Ability to change beneficiaries
|
Yes.
|
No.
|
Controlled by
|
Person establishing the account.
|
Custodian, until the child is of age.
|
Uses
|
Qualified college expenses.
|
Any expense that benefits the child.
|
Impact on federal financial aid eligibility
|
Considered asset of parent or other account owner.
|
Considered asset of child.
|
Contributions state tax-deductible
|
Varies by state.
|
No.
|
State tax on earnings
|
Varies by state.
|
Depends on child's age.
|
Federal tax on earnings
|
No, if used for qualified expenses.
|
Depends on child's age.
|
Penalties for nonqualified withdrawals
|
Federal income tax plus 10% penalty tax; state penalties vary.
|
No.
|
Contribution maximum per beneficiary
|
$200,000 to $300,000 or more, depending on state.
|
None.
|
Investment options
|
Portfolios consisting of a variety of investments, including age-based options that adjust automatically.
|
UGMA: mutual funds and securities.
UTMA: mutual funds, securities, real estate, royalties, patents, and paintings. |
Estate planning impact
|
Contributions are removed from estate.
|
Contributions are immediately removed from estate.
|
Income limitations
|
No.
|
No.
|
Whatever decision you make be sure you contact your financial adviser for consul and help with doing this.
